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Prevention of COPD and Cancer.

COPD

Smoking is the biggest risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It increases your risk of both developing and dying from COPD. Approximately 85 to 90 percent of COPD cases are caused by smoking. Female smokers are nearly 13 times as likely to die from COPD as women who have never smoked; male smokers are nearly 12 times as likely to die from COPD as men who have never smoked.

Other risk factors for COPD include:

·     Exposure to air pollution

·     Breathing secondhand smoke

·     Working with chemicals, dust and fumes

·     A genetic condition called Alpha-1 deficiency

·     A history of childhood respiratory infection

To prevent COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) there some step to follow

Those are as bellow  :

1.Stop smoking :

The best way to keep COPD from starting or from getting worse is to not smoke.

There are clear benefits to quitting, even after years of smoking. When  stop smoking, slow down the damage to your lungs. For most people who quit, loss of lung function is slowed to the same rate as a nonsmoker's.

Stopping smoking is especially important if  have low levels of the protein alpha-1 antitrypsin. People who have an alpha-1antitrypsin deficiency may lower their risk for severe COPD if they get regular shots of alpha-1 antitrypsin. Family members of someone with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency should be tested for the condition.

2. Avoid bad air

Other airway irritants (such as air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust) also can make COPD worse, but they are far less important than smoking in causing the disease.

3. If don’t smoke, don’t start. Smoking causes COPD, lung cancer, heart disease and other cancers.

4. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. Make  home smoke free. Learn about  rights to a smoke free environment at work and in public places.

5. Be aware of other dangers. Take care to protect  against chemicals, dust and   fumes in home and at work.

6. Help fight for clean air. Work with others in  community to help clean up the air our family breathe.

Cancer

If  concerned about cancer prevention, people have to Consider these seven cancer prevention tips.

1. Don't use tobacco

Using any type of tobacco puts  on a collision course with cancer. Smoking has been linked to various types of cancer — including cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, larynx, pancreas, bladder, cervix and kidney.

Avoiding tobacco — or deciding to stop using it — is one of the most important health decisions  can make. It's also an important part of cancer prevention.

2. Eat a healthy diet

Although making healthy selections at the grocery store and at mealtime can't guarantee cancer prevention, it might help reduce your risk. Consider these guidelines:

·         Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Base your diet on fruits, vegetables and other foods from plant sources — such as whole grains and beans.

·         Avoid obesity. Eat lighter and leaner by choosing fewer high-calorie foods, including refined sugars and fat from animal sources.

·         Choose to drink moderation alcohol : The risk of various types of cancer — including cancer of the breast, colon, lung, kidney and liver — increases with the amount of alcohol you drink and the length of time you've been drinking regularly.

·         Limit processed meats. A report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the cancer agency of the World Health Organization, concluded that eating large amounts of processed meat can slightly increase the risk of certain types of cancer.

In addition, women who eat a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil and mixed nuts might have a reduced risk of breast cancer. The Mediterranean diet focuses on mostly on plant-based foods, such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes and nuts.

3. Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active

Maintaining a healthy weight might lower the risk of various types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, colon and kidney.

Physical activity counts, too. In addition to helping you control your weight, physical activity on its own might lower the risk of breast cancer and colon cancer.

Adults who participate in any amount of physical activity gain some health benefits. But for substantial health benefits, strive to get at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes a week of vigorous aerobic physical activity.

4. Protect yourself from the sun

Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer — and one of the most preventable. Try these tips:

·         Avoid midday sun. Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun's rays are strongest.

·         Stay in the shade. When  outdoors, stay in the shade as much as possible. Sunglasses and a broad-brimmed hat help, too.

·         Cover exposed areas. Wear tightly woven, loose fitting clothing that covers as much of your skin as possible. Opt for bright or dark colors, which reflect more ultraviolet radiation than pastels or bleached cotton.

·         Don't skimp on sunscreen. Use generous amounts of sunscreen when  outdoors, and reapply often.

·         Avoid tanning beds and sunlamps. These are just as damaging as natural sunlight.

5. Get immunized

Cancer prevention includes protection from certain viral infections. Talk to a doctor about immunization against:

·         Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B can increase the risk of developing liver cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for certain high-risk adults — such as adults who are sexually active but not in a mutually monogamous relationship, people with sexually transmitted infections, intravenous drug users, men who have sex with men, and health care or public safety workers who might be exposed to infected blood or body fluids.

·         Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that can lead to cervical and other genital cancers as well as squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. The HPV vaccine is recommended for girls and boys ages 11 and 12. It is also available to both men and women age 26 or younger who didn't have the vaccine as adolescents.

·          

6. Avoid risky behaviors

Another effective cancer prevention tactic is to avoid risky behaviors that can lead to infections that, in turn, might increase the risk of cancer. For example:

·         Practice safe sex. Limit  number of sexual partners, and use a condom when  have sex. The more sexual partners  in your lifetime, the more likely  to contract a sexually transmitted infection — such as HIV or HPV. People who have HIV or AIDS have a higher risk of cancer of the anus, liver and lung. HPV is most often associated with cervical cancer, but it might also increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and vagina.

·         Don't share needles. Sharing needles with an infected drug user can lead to HIV, as well as hepatitis B and hepatitis C — which can increase the risk of liver cancer.

7. Get regular medical care

Regular self-exams and screenings for various types of cancers — such as cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can increase  chances of discovering cancer early, when treatment is most likely to be successful. 

FARHANA NEWAZ PRIYA

Why adolescents health is a concern in Bangladesh?

Risk behaviors are voluntary actions that threaten to harm an individual’s mental or physical health, or increase the likelihood of illnesses, injury, and premature death.

six categories of risk behaviors in today’s adolescent

1. Behaviors that result in unintentional and intentional injuries

2.Tobacco use

3.Alcohol and other drug use

4.Sexual behaviors     

5. Dietary patterns that contribute to disease

6. Insufficient physical activity

Unintentional and Intentional Behaviors

Unintentional injuries are those that occur as a result of accidents where there is no intent to harm.

Examples of accidental injuries include those resulting from:

Being struck by an automobile or being in an automobile crash ,Being injured in a fire ,

Careless play around water .

Tobacco use

Although tobacco use is illegal for individuals under the age of 18 in Bangladesh, there is a high

incidence of use among adolescents. Tobacco use in adolescence is associated with a range of health-compromising behaviors, including being involved in fights, carrying weapons, engaging in high-risk sexual behavior, and using alcohol and other drugs.

Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that depresses the central nervous system. Alcohol comes in many forms including clear, absolute liquid diluted and blended as beer, wine, or liquor. Alcohol initially makes individuals feel relaxed and sociable, but with prolonged use, these feelings will be replaced by feelings of depression, anger, loss of control and drowsiness. Alcohol can also cause the following:

• Memory loss

• Addiction

• Liver, kidney, stomach, and intestine damage

• Brain damage               

In Bangladesh There are a high percentage drug addicts amongst adolescents. But they have no place to go for treatment.

Sexual behaviors

That result in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), other sexually  transmitted diseases (STDs,) and unintended pregnancy. Current trends of sexual behavior among youth are alarming.

In Bangladesh early marriage especially among female ,65% of young female marry before 18 years. 27%  Bangladeshi adolescent already become mother 6% are already become with their first child. 50% of adolescent girls are stunted and 33%  adolescent girls are in rural areas are  wasted. And  43% adolescent girls suffer from iron-deficiency anemia , iodine and vitamin A deficiency.

Insufficient Physical Activity

Another category of risky behavior is insufficient physical activity.

When students are physically active, they are more inclined to be energetic, maintain their ideal weight, and cope with stress. In addition, students are less likely to have chronic diseases. Currently, more than one-third of students do not get enough activity.

All over the situation in Bangladesh on adolescent is in very difficult condition. Its very difficult to develop the country without concerning adolescent health. For the sake of healthy future generation now a  days adolescent health care become  a big issue in Bangladesh.

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